What the Fake is Going on in the Ocimum world? A Manifesto in Homage to the Ethiopian Besobila, Ocimum bisabolenum

What is the only Ocimum species on Earth…? Any Basil world “expert” able to prove me wrong on any of these 22 following facts, of the Real world, about the Ethiopian Besobila?

What the Fake is Going on in the Ocimum world?

78 Published Studies, on Ocimum, to be Retracted, or Corrected, from the Years 1990 to 2024 

Xochi… who am I?

Ocimum bisabolenum. Temperate Tulsi from Ethiopia, with a spicy vanilla and myrrh fragrance… and with brick-red pollen and anthers and purple filaments. The flowers are 6/7 mm long. Photography by Xochi.

Before entering, with passion, in the heart of the matter, I am going, firstly, to present in the following section, as an appetizer, some 24 points – botanical, historical, agronomical, genetic, ethnic and, thus, existential – concerning the Ethiopian Besobila, Ocimum bisabolenum.

Secondly, I am delineating, as briefly as I may, the many episodes, since the 90s, of this scandalous obfuscation of the truths concerning the Besobila from Ethiopia, Ocimum bisabolenum – in order to express my rage. 

Thirdly, then, I am presenting the bagatelle of 78 published Basil studies – spanning more than a quarter of century between 1990 and 2024 – which should be, properly, retracted or, at least, corrected. 

Fourthly, and lastly, as I am privileged not to be burdened by any PhD, in Life, I am offering a few clues about my credentials, missions and feats – stemming from the Real Life and not from neo-darwinian decadent universities.

Ocimum bisabolenum. Temperate Tulsi with a spicy vanilla and myrrh fragrance… and brick-red pollen. Photography by Xochi.

What is the only Ocimum species on Earth…?

Any Basil world “expert” able to prove me wrong on any of these 24 following facts, of the Real world, about the Ethiopian Besobila?

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, having a name related to “Bisabol”, the resin of the African Myrrh tree, Commiphora guidotti – growing in Ethiopia and Somalia? The “Besobila” from Ethiopia, Ocimum bisabolenum

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, known for its exquisite spicy vanilla, tutti frutti and myrrh fragrance? The Besobila from Ethiopia, Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, known to have up to 45,79% (in Ethiopia) or up to 46,55% (in Ranikhet, Uttarakhand, India) of Bisabolene in his essential oil? The Besobila from Ethiopia, Ocimum bisabolenum

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, known to have a Bisabolene chemotype with then, Eugenol, Eucalyptol, Estragole, Linalool, α-Bergamotene and β-Caryophyllene , as its major and/or permanent components? Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, used by People to preserve milk products and keep the clarified butter for up to 15 years? The Besobila from Ethiopia, Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, coming from Ethiopia, being mentioned, as early as 1981, as having orange anthers? In Maria Jansen’s renowned opus, “Spices, condiments and medicinal plants in Ethiopia, their taxonomy and agricultural significance”. The Besobila from Ethiopia, Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, as being characterized, as early as 1999, as a Bisabolene chemotype by the US researcher James Simon? It was “Blue Spice”, an ecotype of Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, with a small mauve flower, with mauve styles and stamen filaments, with a very small pedicel, with purple margins on the young leaves and with red-orange pollen? Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, having a “blue denomination” – as per the bluish-mauve hue which emanates, and radiates, from its very long flower spikes? “Blue Spice”, an ecotype of Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, having a weight of 0.63 g per 1000 seeds – twice as heavy as Ocimum tenuiflorum seeds and two to three times lighter than Ocimum basilicum seeds? Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, having 70% of octacolpate and heptacolpate pollen grains – when hexacolpate pollen is the norm in the genus Ocimum? Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, which embalms the garden as soon as the plants are, just, lightly touched or watered? Ocimum bisabolenum.  

Bee in Ocimum bisabolenum with balls of red pollen. Photography by Xochi.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, thriving everywhere in Europe and north-America, gratifying the honey-bees with balls of red pollen? Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, thriving everywhere in Europe and north-America,  known for its incapacity to cross-pollinate with other species of Ocimum – or, at least, known for the absence of reports from professional organic seed-growers for the past 50 years? And that, in spite of the honey-bees which are frantically foraging in the plants. Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, thriving in the mountains of Ethiopia (up to an altitude of 2800 m.), or in the Himalayan mountains (up to an altitude of 2000 m.)… or in the cold and temperate zones of Europe and north-America? The Besobila from Ethiopia, Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, presented by the seed bank of the GRIN/USDA, in USA, as being Ocimum tenuiflorum whereas 7 of their 9 ecotypes are strictly not – as I proved it in my long monograph? And as per their own pictures, also, by the way!!! Ocimum bisabolenum.  

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, which is sold – in organic or non-organic seeds – by a plethora of seed-companies pretending it would be Ocimum tenuiflorum/sanctum, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Ocimum africanum, Ocimum basilicum x africanum… while presenting pictures disproving it? The so-called temperate Sacred Basil, or temperate Tulsi, Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, able to grow for a few years, in temperate zones, while flowering during all the winter and surviving temperatures as low as -7°C, when sheltered from the wind? Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, known to deliver a extremely low amount of essential oil – from 0% to 0.5%? Ocimum bisabolenum

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, which has been the most misidentified, for the past 50 years, and named Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Ocimum americanum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum lamiifolium…? Ocimum bisabolenum

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, thriving everywhere in Europe and north-America, which is strictly, and quasi-integrally, resistant to the basil mildew, Peronospora belbahrii? Ocimum bisabolenum

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, thriving everywhere in Europe and north-America, able to give 2 or 3 crops (for example, in northern Spain) during the growing season – because he tolerates a wide range of temperatures? Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth, thriving everywhere in Europe and north-America, which gets the trophy of the biggest production of bio-mass – because of multiple-cropping… and, also, because of a very structured and abundant canopy? Ocimum bisabolenum.

What is the only species of Basil, on Earth – if ever we “believe” in the genetic mythos – which constitues its own genetic cluster with its own specific weight of DNA of 2843 Mbp? Ocimum bisabolenum.


Ocimum bisabolenum (right and left) and Ocimum kilimandscharicum (in the middle). Do you see any difference as to their architecture, their canopy and their bio-mass? 

What the Fake is Going on in the Ocimum world?

May I state, squarely, from the outset, that I deem that my identification, in August 2022, of the Ethiopian origin, and of the species status, of the temperate “Sacred Tulsi”, Ocimum bisabolenum, ranks among the most impressive discoveries, in the Ocimum world, of this 21st century? 

And, as a matter of Facts and Feats, I would say the same about the introduction, by Richo Cech, of the “Mrihani” ecotype of Ocimum basilicum, (from Zanzibar), which is the only ecotype, or cultivar, of this species, to be, strictly and totally, resistant to the basil mildew – as, so far, no other one, really, has made itself known. 

Unfortunately, the botanical explorer Richo Cech, of Strictly Medicinal Seeds in southern Oregon – whom I know as we were neighbors for many years – has been very active in the mis-identification of some of the Ocimum ecotypes, or species, he was selling in his seed catalogue… for some years. Although he corrected some of the botanical errors I pointed to him… today, the temperate “Sacred Tulsi” is still presented, on his website, as Ocimum africanum

This is pure non sense, and laziness – because Richo knows pretty well my work – as, in that, unfortunately, he is following the, ill-fated, ideological line chosen by Alan Paton and the Kew Botanical Garden – in total contradiction, by the way, with the GRIN/USDA… which labels its diverse ecotypes as Ocimum tenuiflorum. And I wholly disagree… about both! What a mess! Are we speaking of botanical science?

Bee in Ocimum bisabolenum with balls of red pollen. Photography by Xochi.
Ocimum bisabolenum. Temperate Tulsi with a spicy vanilla and myrrh fragrance… and brick-red pollen. Photography by Xochi.

In November 2023, I announced an “open letter” about my discovery – published in August 2022 – of the origin, and species status, of the Ethiopian Ocimum bisabolenum… which I never wrote because, really, who cares? Who cares to learn about the ignorance, the arrogance, the scorn of a bunch of self-proclaimed scientific experts stuck in the neo-darwinist ruts of “the establishment” – and, most of all, unable to learn from, and correct, their errors? Who cares, today, about the specific determination of an African Ocimum species when all the World is going berserk… because the Globalists have decided to destroy everything?

Then, recently, Conrad Richter from Richter Seeds, in Canada, wrote me a mail inquiring about an official publication of the taxonomic status of Ocimum bisabolenum – i.e. “a taxonomical treatment of this binomial”. No kidding? And that precise request rekindled my bottled-up rage!

So here I go, today, again, for some canto expressing… My rage! My sadness as to the utter lack of mutual fraternity, or sorority, in the botanical world. My satirical contempt of all the fake science stemming from the mentally retarded neo-darwinists. My request for “inclusivity” for, at least, the Ethiopian species in the Ocimum genus… if not for my own botanical feats! My Gaïan “diversity” in highlighting “Animism”, “Intelligent Design” and the “Sophianic Mythos”.

As it is just impossible to get to the heart of a subject, a process, or phenomenon, if you do not know anything of its authentic origins… lets us start, then, with a precise time-scale concerning the adventures, in the western world, of the so-called temperate “Sacred Basil”.

In the 80’s, Ocimum bisabolenum was introduced in north-America, most probably, by J. L. Hudson, Seedsman, from Honda in California, or, else, by Forest Shomer, with Abundant Life Seed Foundation, from Townsend in Washington – whose first seed catalogue dated to 1974.

In the 80’s, my best friend Mushroom, alias Alan Michaël Kapuler – one of the best breeder for organic gardening and farming in USA and in the world – introduced Ocimum bisabolenum in his Peace Seeds catalogue with seeds from J. L. Hudson, Seedsman. Subsequently, Seeds of Change (bought, then, by Mars) introduced Ocimum bisabolenum in its huge organic seed catalogue – as Mushroom was the research director of this big organic seed company in New-Mexico.

In 1994, I introduced Ocimum bisabolenum, myself, in France, and in Europe, on the organic seed market – as Ocimum sanctum – with the first organic seed catalogue of my, then, small seed company “Terre de Semences”.

It is only around 2015/2016 that I started to increase the diversity of seeds of Basils, for Association Kokopelli, while growing, in my garden of southern Oregon, the same new species I was placing in seed-production with our French organic growers – as well as a bunch of GRIN/USDA Ocimum accessions.

In the fall of 2016 – as I began, assiduously, to take pictures of a plethora of ecotypes and varieties of Ocimum – in order to enrich Kokopelli’s range of organic medicinal seeds – I pointed out, to whomever wanted to listen, that it could not be the species Ocimum sanctum/Ocimum tenuiflorum, native to India. 

I, thus, alerted my friends and colleagues seed producers, in all the USA (in particular Richo of Strictly Medicinal Seeds, Mushroom of Peace Seeds, Frank Morton of Wild Garden Seeds, CR Lawn of Fedco, etc) as to the fact that the Ocimum, native of India, with red pollen, that we marketed, since tens of years, under the denominations “Holy Basil”, “Tulsi”, “Sacred Basil” – and, which was, then, sometimes, marketed under the denominations “Spice” and “Blue Spice”… to make it spicier – was, “specifically” speaking, nothing of what some people called it… at the whim of botanical luck.

During the summer 2022, I grew, in our very large desert garden, many crops – of which 30 species, ecotypes, or cultivars, of Ocimum… I was, then, some day, very surprised to discover, that one of them, the GRIN/USDA PI 652059 ecotype from the Maldives, was labeled, very wrongly, as Ocimum tenuiflorum.

In August 2022, I wrote my fist monograph, in French, about Ocimum bisabolenum: “L’Ethiopie est la source de la Tulsi tempérée au parfum épicé de vanille et de myrrhe… et au pollen rouge – Ocimum bisabolenum”; and my second, in December 2023: “Les propriétés anti-oxydantes et anti-cancérigènes de la Tulsi Ethiopienne, Ocimum bisabolenum”

In the same breath, I translated the first one in English: “Ethiopia is the source of the temperate Tulsi with its spicy scent of vanilla and myrrh… and red pollen – Ocimum bisabolenum” – which I published on August 26 th, 2022.

As a matter of fact, during the summer 2022, I spent four full months to write seven monographs to cover the Medicinal properties of the seven main species of Ocimum – as, indeed, I consider Ocimum bisabolenum as a main species, today, in the world.

“Les Qualités Extrêmement Médicinales de la Tulsi, Ocimum gratissimum: une Panacée Tropicale”

“Les Qualités Extrêmement Médicinales du Basilic des Amériques Latines, Ocimum selloi”

“Les Qualités Extrêmement Médicinales de la Tulsi, Ocimum americanum”

“Les Qualités Extrêmement Médicinales de la Tulsi du Kilimandjaro, Ocimum kilimandscharicum”

“Les Qualités Extrêmement Médicinales de la Tulsi d’Inde, Ocimum tenuiflorum – un Elixir de Vie, par excellence… et très anti-cancer”

“Les Qualités Extrêmement Médicinales du Basilic, Ocimum basilicum”.

Again, in the USA, and in Europe, I have informed dozens and dozens of seed companies, in the fall of 2022, that the temperate Tulsi is, strictly speaking, not an Ocimum tenuiflorum, and that, in fact, it is the Ethiopian Besobila, Ocimum bisabolenum… but to no avail. 

In August and September 2022, I sent dozens of e-mails to the authors of the dozens of Basil studies to be retracted or, at least, corrected – as, sometimes, their conclusions are totally valid. 

Well… as I am not a peer-reviewed PhD… nobody answered. Nobody paid attention… or, even, lend attention if too costly for their little ego and ill-placed vanities! What indignity!

In conclusion. Lately, among the Basil PhD, the situation is as static as it could be. Thus, two weeks ago, in September 2024 – in an addendum to my main monograph – I wrote my comments concerning 6 new studies which keep up pretending that Ocimum bisabolenum could be either Ocimum tenuiflorum, or Ocimum americanum or Ocimum basilicum

Today, may I invite all the leading people involved in some of the following 78 misleading Basil studies – fake in one way or another – to meditate about all that… if they are interested, working in the field… or still alive? 

Ocimum bisabolenum. Temperate Tulsi with a spicy vanilla and myrrh fragrance… and brick-red pollen. Photography by Xochi.

78 Published Studies, on Ocimum, to be Retracted, or Corrected, from the Years 1990 to 2024

“Genetic diversity and population structure of Ethiopian basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) accessions using DArTseq markers.”. June 2024. Link.

“Distribution, local use, and bio-prospecting opportunity of Ocimum americanum L. in Northwestern part of the Amhara Region, Ethiopia”. May 2024. Link.

“Characterization of the floral traits, pollen micromorphology and DNA barcoding of the edible flowers from three basil taxa (Lamiaceae)”. February 2024. Link.

“Phenotypic Variations and Bioactive Constituents among Selected Ocimum Species”.  November 2023. Link.

“A comparison of high- and low-resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for herbal product classification: A case study with Ocimum essential oils”. 2023.  Link.

“Swiss ADME Predictions of Phytoconstituents Present in Ocimum sanctum Linn”.  August 2023. Link.

“African and Holy Basil – a review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and toxicity of their essential oil: Current trends and prospects for antimicrobial/anti-parasitic pharmacology”.  July 2023. Link.

“The chemotypes of Ethiopian Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) germplasms”. 2023. Link.

“An Update on the Therapeutic Anticancer Potential of Ocimum sanctum L.: “Elixir of Life””. 2023. Link.

“Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological study of Ocimum americanum L.: A review”. 2023. Link.

“Biochemical Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, Leaf Color Profile and Yield of Basil (Ocimum sp.) Microgreens in Floating System”. 2023. Link.

“A Glance at the Phytochemical and Ethno-pharmacological Understanding of Four Ocimum Species”. 2022. Link.

“Identification of the Aroma Compounds of Ocimum americanum as a Function of Growth Stages and their In Vitro Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Potential”. 2022. Link.

“Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of the essential oils of Lippia adoensis and Ocimum sanctum”. 2022. Link.

“Effect of Drying Methods and Drying Days on Essential Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) Varieties in Ethiopia”. 2022. Link.

Ocimum Species: A Review on Chemical Constituents and Antibacterial Activity”. 2022. Lien.

“A Systemic Review of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi): Morphological Characteristics, Phytoconstituents and Therapeutic Applications”. 2022. Link.

“Antibacterial activity of basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) against Bacillus cereus”. 2022. Link.

“A glance at the chemodiversity of Ocimum species: Trends, implications, and strategies for the quality and yield improvement of essential oil”. 2021. Link.

“Determination of Seasonal Variation of Volatile Organic Constituents of the Leaves of Traditional Herb Ocimum sanctum”. 2021. Link

“Tulsi – A Review Based Upon Its Ayurvedic and Modern Therapeutic Uses”. 2021. Link.

“Chemotypic Characterization of Ocimum basilicum L. Essential Oils for Ethiopian Genotypes”. March 2021. Link.

“Bioactive Compounds and Aroma Profile of Some Lamiaceae Edible Flowers”. 2020.  Link.

“Constituents and Biological Activities Some of the Selected Ocimum Species: A Review”. 2020. Link.

“Phytochemical and Pharmacological Overview on Ocimum sanctum: effect of growth stages”. 2020. Link.

“Effect of Natural Drying Methods on Flavour Profile of Camphor Rich Ocimum americanum L. from North India”. 2019. Link.

“Effect of Natural Drying Methods on Flavour Profile of Camphor Rich Ocimum americanum L. from North India”. 2019. Link.

“Variation in Growth and Development, and Essential Oil Yield between Two Ocimum Species (O. tenuiflorum and O. gratissimum) Grown in Georgia”. 2018.  Link.

“Impact of Drying Methods on Essential Oil Composition of Ocimum americanum L. From Kumaun Himalayas”. 2018. Link.

“Population structure, genetic diversity and downy mildew resistance among Ocimum species germplasm”. 2018. Link.

“Traditional Plant Breeding in Ocimum”. 2018. Link.

“Extraction of Essential Oil from Ocimum Lamiifolium Using Steam Distillation”. 2018.  Link.

“A review on: Indian traditional shrub Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum): The unique medicinal plant”. 2018. Link.

“Product authenticity versus globalization – The Tulsi case”. 2018. Link.

“Genetic diversity and chemotype selection in genus Ocimum”. 2017. Link.

“Protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids of fish oil from common Kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) using holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) essential oil”. 2017. Link.

“Morphological and biochemical intraspecific characterization of Ocimum basilicum”.  2017. Link.

“A comparative study of morphological and anatomical structures of four Ocimum species in Uttarakhan. India”. 2016.  Link.

“Chemical constituents, physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of leaves essential oil of Ocimum urticifolium”. 2016. Link.

“Genetic characterization of Ocimum genus using flow cytometry and inter-simple sequence repeat markers”. 2016. Link.

“Comparative Volatile Oil Composition of Three Ocimum Species from Western Himalaya”. 2016. Link.

“Introduction of Ocimum tenuiflorum plant to the Egyptian cultivation”. 2016. Link.

“Antimicrobial Activity of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Essential Oil and Their Major Constituents against Three Species of Bacteria”. 2016. Link.

“Chemical profile of Ocimum americanum L. from north- western Himalayan region: A comparative study”. 2016. Link.

“Resistance Against Basil Downy Mildew in Ocimum Species”. 2015. Link.

“Sources of variability in essential oil composition of Ocimum americanum and Ocimum tenuiflorum”. 2015. Link.

“Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Essential Oils of Twelve Ocimum basilicum L. Cultivars Grown in Serbia”. 2015. Link.

“The Effect of Different Harvest Stages on the Quality and Quantity of the Essential Oil of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.)”. 2015. Link.

“Effect of drying on the quality of essential oil of Ocimum americanum”. 2015. Link. 

“Chemical composition of the essential oil of Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Krishna Tulsi) from North West Karnataka, India”. 2014. Link.

“Morphological Characteristics and Susceptibility of Basil Species and Cultivars to Peronospora belbahrii”. 2014. Link.

“Phytoconstituents, traditional medicinal uses and bioactivities of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.): A review”. 2014. Link.

“A Rapid Screening Approach to Identify Resistance to Basil Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii)”. 2014. Link.

“Genetic diversity among Ocimum species based on ISSR, RAPD and SRAP markers” 2013. Link.

“Exploring compositional diversity in the essential oils of 34 Ocimum taxa from Indian flora”. 2013. Link.

“Compositional Variability and Antifungal Potentials of Ocimum basilicum, O. tenuiflorum, O. gratissimum and O. kilimandscharicum Essential Oils against Rhizoctonia solani and Choanephora cucurbitarum”. 2013. Link.

“Chemical Compositions and Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum sanctum L. Essential Oils at Different Harvest Stages”. 2013. Link.

“Variation in essential oil composition of Ocimum americanum L. from north-western Himalayan region”. 2013. Link.

“Pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological variations in various species of Ocimum genus a review”. 2012. Link.

“Molecular and chemical characterization of the most widespread Ocimum species”. July 2011.  Link.

“Variations in phenolic composition and antioxidant properties among 15 basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivars”. 2011. Link.

“A study of 34 cultivars of basil (Ocimum L.) and their morphological, economic and biochemical characteristics, using standardized descriptors”. 2010. Link.

“Genetic relations among basil taxa (Ocimum L.) based on molecular markers, nuclear DNA content, and chromosome number”. 2010. Link.

“Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Ocimum americanum and Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflorum”. 2010. Link.

“Plant species used in traditional smallholder dairy processing in East Shoa, Ethiopia”. 2010. Link.

“Susceptibility of Basil Cultivars and Breeding Lines to Downy Mildew”. 2010. Link.

Ocimum Sanctum (tulsi): Bio-pharmacological Activities”. 2010. Link.

“Estimation of nuclear DNA content of cultivated Ocimum species by using flow cytometry”. 2010. Link.

“Chemical characterization of basil (Ocimum spp.) based on volatile oils”. 2006. Link.

“Radical scavenging activity of volatile oils of herbs traditionally used to spice cooking butter in Ethiopia”. 2005. Link.

“Composition of the Essential Oil of Ocimum in Poland During Vegetation”. 2005. Link.

“Chemical profiling of Ocimum americanum using external flavonoids”. 2003. Link.

“Genetic Diversity of Basil (Ocimum spp.) based on RAPD Markers””. 2003. Link.

“Chemical constituents of the volatile fractions from leaves and flowers of Ocimum urticifolium”. 2003. Link.

“Leaf flavonoid glycosides as chemosystematic characters in Ocimum”. 2002. Link.

“Basil: A Source of Aroma Compounds and a Popular Culinary and Ornamental Herb”.  January 1999. Link.

“Essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (syn. Ocimum sanctum L.) grown in Andhra Pradesh” 1996. Link.

“Constituents of the essential oil from the holy basil or tulsi plant, Ocimum sanctum”.  1990. Link.

Xochi… who am I?

As I am clear of the existential weight, and burden, of any official PhD, in my Life, I am going to precise, for the sake of total transparency, who I am… as, in the self-proclaimed “scientific” world, a PhD diploma is a must – not to say THE consecration – to be recognized by “peers”… and, foremost, by THE Establishment.

I wish to precise, first of all, as the woke and LGBT epidemics are raging worldwide, that I am no new-age plant faddist rendering a cult to the Vegan Mary – virgin of any animal flesh and blood.

Neither am I a neo-darwinist cultist lost in the illusions, and delusions, of his religious pseudo-evolutive mythos… which is just, by the way, a tool of social control of the masses – and a pernicious one at that.

I have been involved, with passion and excellence, in the world of plants, food-plants and medicinal plants for close to half a century – and I am 71 years old.

Thus, here are my letters, and feats, of credence in the Real world and not the quasi-Virtual world of PhD “papers” – which will be, more and more, ejected from the chips and robots of the Artificial non-Intelligence… as long as it lasts… which should not be too long as the virtual dog is chasing its own faky tail.

Botanical Arts and Sciences

Although being French, I spent 25 years of my life in USA – mostly on the west coast… with the exception of a few winters in Vermont and New-Hampshire, in the 1980’s, when I was a PSIA cross-country ski instructor. Thus, for years on, as early as 2004, I drove many thousands of kilometers in the deserts and mountains of the West – Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Utah, New-Mexico and Arizona. 

Female of the widespread, but rare, Great Purple Hairstreak, Atlides halesus, on Eriogonum microthecum var. cyclophyllum. Mount Shasta, California.

According to the late James Reveal, I discovered two subspecies of Eriogonum in the USA: a subspecies of Eriogonum microthecum, Eriogonum microthecum var. cyclophyllum, in the summer 2016, at the foot of Mount Shasta, California – which bears my name – and a subspecies of Eriogonum umbellatum, on Mount Adams, Washington.

In July 2009, I discovered different white populations of Mimulus lewisii/Erythranthe lewisii var. albiflorum, at Crater Lake in Oregon. There was no mention on the web, at that time, of a studied and investigated white form of Mimulus lewisii. Upon my botanical discovery, I informed, twice, the direction of the Crater Lake Park but I never got any answer. In August 2009, Douglas W. Schemske, of the Michigan State University (Department of Plant Biology), told me he would be interested by a few seeds stemming from the few dry pods of the white flowered plant I had dry-pressed.

In June 2010, on Grizzly Peak, above Ashland, Oregon, I discovered the presence of  Claytonia saxosa – Portulacaceae Family – which has never previously been reported, or collected, in Oregon. 

My botanical websites are here:

Gaïan Ethnobotany is my first botanical site. I present a large number of botanical species from the western USA – including dozens of species of Calochortus, Lomatium and others.

Eriogoneae is my second botanical site. It’s a reference site, in English, on the Tribe Eriogoneae and more specifically on the genus Eriogonum. I had planned to produce an 800-page reference work, in collaboration with James Reveal, (the USA’s Polygonaceae expert) on the genus Eriogonum (with over 400 species and subspecies), namely the wild buckwheats. Jim having passed away, prematurely, at the age of 74, I decided to present all my photographic work online on a website dedicated to this tribe of the Polygonaceae family – and which is the only site, today, in the world, to offer such a wide range of Eriogonum species, with top-quality photographs. 

Oregon Flora of Gaïa is a small botanical section of my French website Liberterre – which present more than 1100 articles, documents, translations, etc. 

Food Plants, Seeds and Biodiversity

With Sofy, my wife, and a friend, Jocelyn Moulin, we launched the Jardin Botanique de la Mhotte, in November 1992, on a 55-hectare farm acquired by a group of businesses, and non-profit organizations, to free land from the grip of agrochemical farming. The emergence of Kokopelli’s primordial ancestor was a memorable epic. We had 20 hectares of extensive organic seed production, with some forty people – on contracts subsidized by the State: homeless, mentally and physically handicapped, ex-convicts, etc, etc….

Thus, I have been in professional organic seed production since 1994 – with Terre de Semences. I am, then, the founder in 1999, of “Association Kokopelli”, in France, which has the biggest offer of Open-Pollinated and Heirloom Organic Seeds in the world: it is not a rumor but just a fact.

In October 2000, Association Kokopelli set up, Annadana, a community seed bank and seed production gardens in Auroville, Tamil Nadu, southern India – and I moved there for two years with my wife and three of our children to launch the project. Annadana ran wonderfully for 12 years under the exceptional guidance of our friend Stéphane Fayon. 

In 2012, we launched the organization of a “Kokopelli-Pachamama” festival, near Ollantaytambo, in the Sacred Valley of the Incas, in Peru, for the month of August. We lived in Peru for 8 months with Sofy, my wife, to prepare the festival which was a magnificent epic bringing together 500 seed-guardians, for a whole week, from all corners of Latin America, from Mexico to Patagonia, to exchange seeds, ideas on seeds and future prospects for seed-keeper networks. 


August 2012. Ollantaytambo. Peru. Vandana Shiva (India), Blanche Magarinos-Rey (Kokopelli’s lawyer in France), Fabian Pacheco (Costa-Rica) and Xochi (France) – sometimes in search of breath for 8 months, of preparations, at 3200 meters of altitude.

Since 1994, in French, Spanish and English, I taught organic seed production in 25 countries of the world, in all continents except Australia, to farmers and agronomists alike

I sold almost 100 000 copies of my French book “Les Semences de Kokopelli” – today, in its 18th edition: 848 pages, all in colour and 3,5 kgs of paper. It is a book about organic seed production while presenting the extensive offer of Association Kokopelli in seed diversity… with 600 cultivars of tomatoes, 400 cultivars of peppers, 250 cultivars of squashes, etc, etc. The Best in the World!

Medicinal Plants

Back in 1986, I co-created the Deva Laboratory of Flower Essences – which is, still, today in activity – while translating a few books in French, from the English, about the Bach Flower Remedies and other new Flower Essences. I left 8 years later to work on seeds and protection of food biodiversity.

Around 1994, with Terre de Semences, our seed company, we started to introduce medicinal plants totally unknown in France – such as species of Ocimum, Agastache… and the famous temperate Sacred Tulsi.

In 2014, 20 years later, with the non-profit association Kokopelli – which took up the torch, in 1999, from Terre de Semences threatened by the French State and the Seed Mafia – I presented a new and very broad offer of organic seeds of Master Medicinal Plants… Because we are heading towards a Primitive Future, fortunately… as the allopathic system of pseudo-medecine is a total scam.

Harvesting and drying of Ocimum bisabolenum, Tagetes minuta and Tagetes tenuifolia. Production of mother tinctures with 45° organic fruit alcohol. Photo by Xochi

In the fall 1999, I released a new book, “Los Cantos de Xochi. Aux Armes d’Instructions Massives”, a 464-page, full-color, large-format book featuring some 350 pages of Cantos, articles and essays (45 in all), 21 pages of my botanical pictures and 44 “Picasso” paintings of my friend Mushroom, aka Alan Michael Kapuler – the most genial breeder for organic gardening and farming in USA and in the world.

Since 2018, I wrote, and published on line, 65 monographs on Master Medicinal Plants – each monograph being from a few pages to 70 pages long. 

Xochi. October 4th 2024

Contact: Xochipelli@protonmail.com